DOI: 10.25881/20728255_2026_21_3_4

Authors

Shevchenko Yu.L.1, Kokorin V.V.1, 2, Krainyukov P.E.1, 3

1 Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center, Moscow

2 P.V. Mandryka Central Military Clinical Hospital, Moscow

3 Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow

Abstract

Clinical practice in recent years has demonstrated a steady increase in the number of servicemen presenting with pain syndrome and functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system after combat surgical trauma. In a significant proportion of patients, these symptoms are delayed in onset: they may develop weeks, months, or even years after a gunshot injury and are often localized not strictly within the area of the initial trauma, but in other anatomical regions. In this regard, establishing a relationship between gunshot injuries and subsequent enthesopathy represents both a matter of scientific and practical interest and a clinically significant problem.

The present study is the first systematizing investigation of enthesopathy caused by the damaging factors of firearms. From a pathogenetic standpoint, it substantiates a new nosological entity that has not previously been considered and is not encoded by any of the existing terms: “gunshot enthesopathy”.

Keywords: gunshot enthesopathy, gunshot trauma, gunshot wounds, enthesis, enthesopathy, periarticular tissues.

References

1. Shevchenko YuL, Kokorin VV. Amiloid-associirovannye sostoyaniya kak otyagoshchayushchij faktor entezopatij: konceptual’naya model’. Vestnik Nacional’nogo mediko-hirurgicheskogo Centra im. N.I. Pirogova. 2026; 21(2): 4-10. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25881/20728255_2026_21_2_4.

2. Shevchenko YuL, Krainyukov PE, Kokorin VV. Izuchenie roli angiogeneza v regulyacii strukturnyh izmenenij soedinitel’noj tkani pri hronicheskoj hirurgicheskoj patologii ishemicheskogo geneza v eksperimente. Vestnik Nacional’nogo mediko-hirurgicheskogo Centra im. N.I. Pirogova. 2023; 18(1): 14-19. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25881/20728255_2023_18_1_14.

3. Kuzmin DB, Kokorin VV, Epifanov SA, Krainyukov PE. Rol’ infekcii v etiopatogeneze entezopatij. Vestnik Nacional’nogo mediko-hirurgicheskogo Centra im. N.I. Pirogova. 2020; 15(3. Р2): 143-151. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25881/BPNMSC.2020.61.59.026.

4. Khitrov NA. Lechenie patologii paraartikulyarnyh tkanej perifokal’nymi in”ekciyami kombinirovannyh preparatov. Medicinskij sovet. 2019; 18: 92-102. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2019-18-92-102.

5. Churyukanov MV, Davydov OS, Kukushkin ML, Yakhno NN. Rasprostranennost’ hronicheskoj boli u vzroslogo naseleniya Rossijskoj Federacii: vserossijskoe epidemiologicheskoe issledovanie. Rossijskij zhurnal boli. 2025; 23(2): 54-62. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17116/pain20252302154.

6. Benjamin M, Moriggl B, Brenner E, Emery P, McGonagle D, Redman S. The “enthesis organ” concept: why enthesopathies may not present as focal insertional disorders. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50(10): 3306-3313. doi: 10.1002/art.20566.

7. Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs JR, Bydder G, Best TM, Milz S. Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites (“entheses”) in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load. J Anat. 2006; 208(4): 471-490. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x.

8. Shaw HM, Benjamin M. Structure-function relationships of entheses in relation to mechanical load and exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007; 17(4): 303-315. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00689.x.

9. McGonagle D, Stockwin L, Isaacs J, Emery P. An enthesitis based model for the pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathy: additive effects of microbial adjuvant and biomechanical factors at disease sites. J Rheumatol. 2001; 28(10): 2155-2159.

10. Kehl AS, Corr M, Weisman MH. Review: enthesitis: new insights into pathogenesis, diagnostic modalities, and treatment. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016; 68(2): 312-322. doi: 10.1002/art.39458.

11. Apostolakos J, Durant TJS, Dwyer CR, et al. The enthesis: a review of the tendon-to-bone insertion. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014; 4(3): 333-342. doi: 10.11138/mltj/2014.4.3.333.

12. Deval’d IV, Khodus EA, Bel’sner MS, Minakina OL. Differencial’nyj diagnoz i lechenie entezopatij. Medicinskij sovet. 2024; 18(3): 159-166. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21518/ms2024-125.

13. Trishkin DV, Kryukov EV, Davydov DV, et al. Sovremennaya koncepciya okazaniya medicinskoj pomoshchi ranenym s povrezhdeniyami oporno-dvigatel’nogo apparata: osnovnye nauchnye rezul’taty i opyt primeneniya. Moscow, Saint Petersburg: Voenno-medicinskaya akademiya imeni S.M. Kirova; 2024. 212 p. (In Russ.)

14. Kryukov EV, Davydov DV, Khominets VV, et al. Etapnoe lechenie ranenyh s povrezhdeniyami oporno-dvigatel’noj sistemy v sovremennom vooruzhennom konflikte. Voenno-medicinskij zhurnal. 2023; 344(3): 4-17. (In Russ.) doi: 10.52424/00269050_2023_344_3_4.

15. Denisov AV, Badalov VI, Krainyukov PE, et al. Struktura i harakter sovremennoj boevoj hirurgicheskoj travmy. Voenno-medicinskij zhurnal. 2021; 342(9): 12-20. (In Russ.) doi: 10.52424/00269050_2021_342_9_12.

16. Denisov AV, Logatkin SM, Samokhvalov IM, et al. Mekhanizmy ognestrel’nyh i minno-vzryvnyh ranenij pri primenenii sredstv individual’noj bronezashchity: obzor literatury. Voenno-medicinskij zhurnal. 2023; 344(4): 15-25. (In Russ.) doi: 10.52424/00269050_2023_344_4_15.

17. Kerimov AA, Khominets IV, Perekhodov SN, et al. Posledovatel’nyj osteosintez v usloviyah sovremennyh vooruzhennyh konfliktov. Vestnik travmatologii i ortopedii im. N.N. Priorova. 2025; 32(2): 325-335. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/vto643121.

18. Krainyukov PE, Agafonov DE, Kokorin VV, et al. Vliyanie vybora taktiki hirurgicheskogo lecheniya postradavshih s boevymi porazheniyami nizhnih konechnostej na ih psihoemocional’nyj status. Vestnik Nacional’nogo mediko-hirurgicheskogo Centra im. N.I. Pirogova. 2023; 18(4): 98-102. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25881/20728255_2023_18_4_98.

19. Kasimov RR, Prosvetov VA, Samokhvalov IM, et al. Struktura boevoj hirurgicheskoj travmy i osobennosti okazaniya hirurgicheskoj pomoshchi v peredovyh medicinskih gruppah v aktivnuyu fazu boevyh dejstvij. Voenno-medicinskij zhurnal. 2024; 345(7): 4-12. (In Russ.) doi: 10.52424/00269050_2024_345_7_4.

20. Obshchaya patologiya boevoj travmy: rukovodstvo dlya vrachej i slushatelej akademii. Shevchenko YuL., ed. Saint Petersburg: VMedA; 1994. 160 p. (In Russ.)

21. Bryusov PG, Khrupkin VI. Sovremennaya ognestrel’naya travma. Voenno-medicinskij zhurnal. 1996; 2: 23-27. (In Russ.)

22. Sudoł-Szopińska I, Kwiatkowska B, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Maśliński W. Enthesopathies and enthesitis. Part 1. Etiopathogenesis. J Ultrason. 2015; 15(60): 72-84. doi: 10.15557/JoU.2015.0006.

23. Lakhin RE, Kusai AS, Usol’tsev EA, et al. Izmenenie klinicheskih i laboratornyh pokazatelej v zavisimosti ot tyazhesti travmaticheskogo shoka: retrospektivnoe kogortnoe issledovanie. Vestnik intensivnoj terapii imeni A.I. Saltanova. 2024; 3: 142-151. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21320/1818-474X-2024-3-142-151.

24. Perekhodov SN, Levchuk AL, Khanevich MD, Osipov IS, Zubritsky VF. Osobennosti ranenij sovremennym ognestrel’nym oruzhiem. Medicinskij vestnik MVD. 2024; 5(132): 2-8. (In Russ.) doi: 10.52341/20738080_2024_132_5_2.

25. Nechaev EA, Gricanov AI, Minnulin IP, Ruhlyada NV, et al. Vzryvnye porazheniya: rukovodstvo dlya vrachej i studentov. E.A. Nechaev, editor. SPb.: Foliant, 2002. 656 s. (In Russ.)

26. Levchuk AL, Ignat’ev TI, Sheve A. Sovremennaya ognestrel’naya rana i principy ee lecheniya. Vestnik Nacional’nogo mediko-hirurgicheskogo Centra im. N.I. Pirogova. 2025; 20(2): 61-67. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25881/20728255_2025_20_2_61.

27. Davydov DV, Brizhan LK, Kerimov AA, et al. Algoritm hirurgicheskogo lecheniya pacientov s diafizarnymi defektami kostej predplech’ya posle ognestrel’nyh ranenij. Genij ortopedii. 2024; 30(4): 487-501. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2024-30-4-487-501. (In Russ.)

28. Derwin KA, Galatz LM, Ratcliffe A, Thomopoulos S. Enthesis repair: challenges and opportunities for effective tendon-to-bone healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018; 100(16): e109. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.18.00200.

29. Voenno-polevaya hirurgiya: nacional’noe rukovodstvo. Samokhvalov IM, ed. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2024. 1056 p. (In Russ.) doi: 10.33029/9704-8036-6-VPX-2024-1-1056.

30. Shevchenko YuL, Stoyko YuM, Gudymovich VG. Disfunkciya endoteliya i endokarda pri serdechno-sosudistyh zabolevaniyah: patogenez, diagnostika, profilaktika i lechenie. Moscow: Nacional’nyj mediko-hirurgicheskij centr im. N.I. Pirogova; 2022. 224 p. (In Russ.)

31. Voenno-polevaya hirurgiya: uchebnik. Samokhvalov IM, Badalov VI, eds. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2023. 568 p. (In Russ.) doi: 10.33029/9704-8037-3-MFS-2023-1-568.

32. Fenwick SA, Hazleman BL, Riley GP. The vasculature and its role in the damaged and healing tendon. Arthritis Res. 2002; 4(4): 252-260. doi: 10.1186/ar416.

33. Krainyukov PE. Hirurgicheskaya infektologiya: uchebnik dlya poslediplomnogo obrazovaniya: in 2 vols. Vol. 1. M.: Planeta; 2026. 212 p. (In Russ.)

34. Krainyukov PE. Hirurgicheskaya infektologiya: uchebnik dlya poslediplomnogo obrazovaniya: in 2 vols. Vol. 2. M.: Planeta; 2026. 682 p. (In Russ.)

35. Khominets VV, ed. Voennaya travmatologiya i ortopediya: uchebnik. Saint Petersburg: VMedA; 2023. 511 p. (In Russ.)

For citation

Shevchenko Yu.L., Kokorin V.V., Krainyukov P.E. Gunshot enthesopathy: a new perspective on the problem (terminology, etiopathogenesis, classification). Bulletin of Pirogov National Medical & Surgical Center. 2026;21(3):4-12. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25881/20728255_2026_21_3_4